A) conditions in the environment that can trigger a disorder depending upon how severe the stressors are
B) an inherited, subclinical disease state that has the potential for developing into a full-blown psychological disorder, given certain environmental conditions
C) an inherited tendency or condition that makes a person susceptible to developing a disorder
D) the interaction of social and psychological influences
F) All of the above
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A) They tend to ruminate about negative life events less often.
B) They tend to suffer lower overall rates of alcoholism.
C) They tend to live longer and healthier lives.
D) They tend to be at a higher risk for some psychological disorders such as dependency.
F) None of the above
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A) behaviour, physiology, and mood
B) behaviour, physiology, and cognition
C) mood and affect
D) cognition, behaviour, and affect
F) A) and B)
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A) current interpersonal problems that are either the source of the stress or closely connected to it
B) the ways in which such stressors interfere with current relationships
C) the patient's history of dysfunctional personal relationships
D) the frequency and quality of current social contacts
F) B) and C)
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A) unconscious learning
B) operant conditioning
C) stimulus generalization
D) learned helplessness
F) None of the above
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A) pathogenesis
B) equifinality
C) orthogonal causation
D) psychopathology
F) All of the above
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A) Both are rarely influenced by individual genes.
B) Both are influenced by many genes, with each individual gene contributing a relatively small effect.
C) Both are influenced by a few select genes, each exerting a large effect.
D) Both are a result of our genetic structure.
F) A) and D)
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A) the peripheral nervous system
B) the central nervous system
C) the sympathetic nervous system
D) the parasympathetic nervous system
F) C) and D)
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A) the perception in Chinese society that the affective expression of depression is self-centred and threatening to the social structure
B) differences in diagnostic measures used in different cultures
C) a history of oppression, which deters reporting
D) genetic differences between individuals living in different cultures
F) A) and C)
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A) Men have fewer social relationships than women, which may protect them from additional stress.
B) When experiencing a negative event, women tend to ruminate about it and to blame themselves.
C) Men are more likely to self-medicate their depressive feelings with alcohol.
D) Men are more likely to simply endure feelings of depression, which makes the feelings pass more quickly.
F) None of the above
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A) People with psychological disorders will not seek and receive the treatment and support of others that are most needed for recovery.
B) People with psychological disorders will be ignored by mental health professionals when they seek help.
C) People with psychological disorders will be far more easily treated than those with physical disorders.
D) People with psychological disorders will seek help for their disorders but be more likely to receive insufficient treatment than those with physical illness.
F) B) and C)
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A) Terry will likely live seven-and-a-half years longer than Barry.
B) Terry is less likely to have a heart attack than Barry.
C) Terry is likely to have had fewer stressful events in his life so far than Barry.
D) Terry is likely to have experienced significantly more stressful events in his life than Barry.
F) All of the above
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A) classical conditioning
B) implicit memory
C) ego development
D) vicarious learning
F) B) and C)
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A) the pons
B) the medulla
C) the hypothalamus
D) the reticular activating system
F) A) and C)
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A) lifespan psychologists
B) humanists
C) cognitive-behaviourists
D) existentialists
F) A) and B)
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A) Both the placebo and the opioid drug relieved pain, but only the opioid affected the region responsible for the control of the pain response in the brain.
B) The placebo reduced pain but didn't relieve pain as well as the opioid drug.
C) Both the placebo and the opioid drug relieved pain, and they affected similar regions in the brain stem.
D) Both the placebo and the opioid drug relieved pain, but they affected completely different regions in the brain.
F) A) and D)
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A) one-dimensional
B) integrative
C) multidimensional
D) empirical
F) B) and D)
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A) Psychological factors can affect brain function.
B) Drugs should not be prescribed for most painful conditions.
C) Pain is more of a psychological phenomenon than it is physical.
D) Opioid drugs may relieve pain only through the expectation of pain relief.
F) A) and C)
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