Question 1

In reference to crime, this is the planning of a criminal act.

Accepted Answer

A)   premeditation
B)   determinism
C)   calculus
D)   conspiracyE) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 2

Which type of concept best describes routine activities theory?

Accepted Answer

A)   classical
B)   neoclassical
C)   positivist
D)   conflictE) A) and B)
F) A) and C) B

Question 3

Which of the following is most representative of a positivist viewpoint?

Accepted Answer

A)   A focus on the penalties for committing an offense
B)   A focus on identifying social forces that influence offenders
C)   A focus on ensuring timely punishment
D)   A belief that offenders have free willE) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 4

This fostered a new age of reason that sought to replace religious dogma with intellectual reasoning.

Accepted Answer

A)   Evolution
B)   Enlightenment
C)   Reformation
D)   InquisitionE) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 5

Situational crime prevention is an extension of this.

Accepted Answer

A)   deterrence theory
B)   critical theory
C)   routine activities theory
D)   rational choice theoryE) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 6

Bentham suggested that the legislature should set penalties for each offense at a level designed to deter the unlawful behavior. What is this idea called?

Accepted Answer

A)   proportionality
B)   lex talionis
C)   hedonistic calculus
D)   utilitarianismE) A) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 7

Compare and contrast the classical and neoclassical schools of criminology. How are they similar? What are the key differences?

Accepted Answer

The classical and neoclassical schools of criminology are both theories that seek to explain the causes of criminal behavior and suggest ways to prevent and control it. However, they have some key differences in their approaches and perspectives.

Similarities:
1. Both schools of thought emphasize the importance of individual choice and free will in criminal behavior. They believe that individuals have the ability to make rational decisions and are responsible for their actions.
2. Both schools focus on the idea of deterrence, suggesting that the threat of punishment can prevent individuals from engaging in criminal behavior.
3. Both schools advocate for the use of punishment as a means of controlling crime, although they differ in their approaches to punishment.

Differences:
1. Classical criminology, associated with thinkers like Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham, emerged in the 18th century and focused on the idea of rational choice and the social contract. It emphasized the need for a fair and efficient criminal justice system and the use of proportional punishment. Neoclassical criminology, on the other hand, emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and incorporated psychological and biological factors into its explanations of criminal behavior.

2. Neoclassical criminology introduced the concept of mitigating circumstances, suggesting that certain factors such as mental illness or extreme emotional distress could reduce an individual's culpability for their actions. This was a departure from the strict determinism of classical criminology, which held individuals fully responsible for their actions regardless of their circumstances.

3. Classical criminology focused on the idea of deterrence through swift, certain, and severe punishment, while neoclassical criminology introduced the concept of rehabilitation and treatment for offenders, recognizing that some individuals may be more responsive to interventions aimed at addressing the underlying causes of their criminal behavior.

In summary, while both the classical and neoclassical schools of criminology share some common principles, such as the emphasis on individual choice and the use of punishment as a deterrent, they differ in their approaches to punishment, the incorporation of psychological and biological factors, and the consideration of mitigating circumstances.

Question 8

Prior to the Enlightenment, societies based their standards of behavior, including their laws, on this.

Accepted Answer

A)   religious doctrine
B)   social forces
C)   statutory codes
D)   government regulationsE) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 9

This may inhibit an individual's exercise of free will according to neoclassical criminology.

Accepted Answer

A)   premeditation
B)   hard determinism
C)   mitigating circumstances
D)   deterrenceE) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 10

Which of the following is not one of the three elements that routine activities suggests must converge for an offense to occur?

Accepted Answer

A)   a motivated offender
B)   an attractive target
C)   the absence of capable guardians
D)   target hardeningE) A) and B)
F) B) and C) D

Question 11

Scholars who seek to typify evil have stated that this type of evil involves reason without passion.

Accepted Answer

A)   sadistic
B)   banal
C)   demonic
D)   semioticE) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 12

These explanations of crime seek explanations for crime that lie beyond the physical world.

Accepted Answer

A)   classical
B)   positivist
C)   supernatural
D)   neo-classicalE) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 13

Long a mainstay of this school of criminology, deterrence theory is the concept that punishment prevents more crime from occurring.

Accepted Answer

A)   positivist
B)   classical
C)   supernatural
D)   conflictE) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 14

Technology that allows parents to surreptitiously monitor their children's use of the Internet is an example of which principle of routine activities theory?

Accepted Answer

A)   target hardening
B)   motivated offender
C)   capable guardians
D)   suitable targetE) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 15

Which is not one of the three limiting factors that positivism contributed to the neoclassical idea of free will?

Accepted Answer

A)   hard determinism
B)   premeditation
C)   mitigating circumstances
D)   insanityE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 16

This form of deterrence occurs when an offender is caught and punished and decides not to break the law any more.

Accepted Answer

A)   general
B)   special
C)   specific
D)   openE) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 17

Which of the following is not consistent with situational crime prevention concepts?

Accepted Answer

A)   improving the technology designed to prevent drunk driving
B)   developing a treatment program to reduce recidivism among convicted burglars
C)   requiring airline passengers to present photo identification before boarding the plane
D)   reducing the number of guns availableE) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 18

According to this thinker, in exchange for safety and uniform enactment and enforcement of laws, individuals give up certain liberties and freedoms to a sovereign with almost universal and complete power over his subjects.

Accepted Answer

A)   Thomas Hobbes
B)   John Locke
C)   Jean-Jacques Rousseau
D)   Michel FoucaultE) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 19

What are sentencing schedules designed to do?

Accepted Answer

A)   ensure the offender's right to a speedy trial and sentencing hearing
B)   ensure sentencing uniformity
C)   allow judges the freedom to determine sentences
D)   ensure soft determinismE) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 20

List and explain Beccaria's six key principles.

Accepted Answer

Cesare Beccaria was an Italian philosoph...

Exam 4: The Classical and Positivist Schools of Criminology

In reference to crime, this is the planning of a criminal act.

Correct Answer
verified

Which type of concept best describes routine activities theory?

Correct Answer
verified
B

Which of the following is most representative of a positivist viewpoint?

Correct Answer
verified

This fostered a new age of reason that sought to replace religious dogma with intellectual reasoning.

Correct Answer
verified

Situational crime prevention is an extension of this.

Correct Answer
verified

Bentham suggested that the legislature should set penalties for each offense at a level designed to deter the unlawful behavior. What is this idea called?

Correct Answer
verified

Compare and contrast the classical and neoclassical schools of criminology. How are they similar? What are the key differences?

Prior to the Enlightenment, societies based their standards of behavior, including their laws, on this.

Correct Answer
verified

This may inhibit an individual's exercise of free will according to neoclassical criminology.

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following is not one of the three elements that routine activities suggests must converge for an offense to occur?

Correct Answer
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D

Scholars who seek to typify evil have stated that this type of evil involves reason without passion.

Correct Answer
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These explanations of crime seek explanations for crime that lie beyond the physical world.

Correct Answer
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Long a mainstay of this school of criminology, deterrence theory is the concept that punishment prevents more crime from occurring.

Correct Answer
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Technology that allows parents to surreptitiously monitor their children's use of the Internet is an example of which principle of routine activities theory?

Correct Answer
verified

Which is not one of the three limiting factors that positivism contributed to the neoclassical idea of free will?

Correct Answer
verified

This form of deterrence occurs when an offender is caught and punished and decides not to break the law any more.

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following is not consistent with situational crime prevention concepts?

Correct Answer
verified

According to this thinker, in exchange for safety and uniform enactment and enforcement of laws, individuals give up certain liberties and freedoms to a sovereign with almost universal and complete power over his subjects.

Correct Answer
verified

What are sentencing schedules designed to do?

Correct Answer
verified

List and explain Beccaria's six key principles.

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
Cesare Beccaria was an Italian philosoph...
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Exam 4: The Classical and Positivist Schools of Criminology

In reference to crime, this is the planning of a criminal act.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which type of concept best describes routine activities theory?

Correct AnswerverifiedB

Which of the following is most representative of a positivist viewpoint?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

This fostered a new age of reason that sought to replace religious dogma with intellectual reasoning.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Situational crime prevention is an extension of this.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Bentham suggested that the legislature should set penalties for each offense at a level designed to deter the unlawful behavior. What is this idea called?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Compare and contrast the classical and neoclassical schools of criminology. How are they similar? What are the key differences?

Prior to the Enlightenment, societies based their standards of behavior, including their laws, on this.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

This may inhibit an individual's exercise of free will according to neoclassical criminology.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is not one of the three elements that routine activities suggests must converge for an offense to occur?

Correct AnswerverifiedD

Scholars who seek to typify evil have stated that this type of evil involves reason without passion.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

These explanations of crime seek explanations for crime that lie beyond the physical world.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Long a mainstay of this school of criminology, deterrence theory is the concept that punishment prevents more crime from occurring.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Technology that allows parents to surreptitiously monitor their children's use of the Internet is an example of which principle of routine activities theory?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which is not one of the three limiting factors that positivism contributed to the neoclassical idea of free will?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

This form of deterrence occurs when an offender is caught and punished and decides not to break the law any more.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is not consistent with situational crime prevention concepts?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to this thinker, in exchange for safety and uniform enactment and enforcement of laws, individuals give up certain liberties and freedoms to a sovereign with almost universal and complete power over his subjects.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What are sentencing schedules designed to do?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

List and explain Beccaria's six key principles.

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AICesare Beccaria was an Italian philosoph...View AnswerShow Answer

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B

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D

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Answered by ExamLex AI
Cesare Beccaria was an Italian philosoph...
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